Document Type
Article
Publication Date
5-6-2022
Abstract
Working memory is the mind’s sketchpad for mental storage and manipulation of information (Miller et al., 2018). It is crucial to everyday tasks such as recalling PINs and passwords, mental mathematical manipulations, and learning new sequences of action. Dysfunction of this executive function is detrimental to these everyday tasks and significantly lowers the quality of life, as seen in patients living with schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury (Forbes et al., 2008; Litvan et al, 1988; McDowell et al., 1997). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying working memory is crucial to having a better understanding of these disorders. In most working memory applications, the order of recall is important. When memory content is recalled, it can be recalled in the same order it was presented (forward recall) or the reverse order (backward recall). Backward recall, despite being uncommon in everyday life, is widely used in research and clinical settings. For instance, backward digit span (backward recall of digits) has been used in psychological research as a measure of working memory for children, adults, and the elderly populations (Elliott et al., 1990; Wechsler, 2014). It has strong correlations with current and future academic performance for children and has shown strong sensitivity to age-related cognitive decline (Bull et al., 2008; Bopp & Verhaeghen, 2005). Thus, it has been an area of interest to determine the mechanism behind backward recall.