Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Thesis Format

Monograph

Degree

Doctor of Philosophy

Program

Economics

Supervisor

Bowlus, Audra

Abstract

My dissertation consists of three papers studying the impact of social networks and employment mobility on Canadian immigrants, and the effects of economic conditions and immigration policy changes on international Ph.D. students in Canada. In the first paper, I use the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC) to examine the effects of social networks on labour market outcomes of newly arrived Canadian immigrants. I find that the presence of initial networks at landing significantly increases the probability of getting a network job and reduces the probability of getting a formal job after landing. Across immigration categories, network effects vary, with the largest effect among the Refugees, followed by the Family Class, and then the Economic Class immigrants. In each class, low-educated immigrants rely more on networks to find a job than high-educated ones. By separating close ties into kinship and friendship, I find that family has stronger effects on employment outcomes. Moreover, the development of the network is important over time. Economic immigrants gain from more diverse networks, while the Refugees improve their employment outcomes by frequently contacting their networks. Finally, social networks play a limited role in determining the quality of immigrants' first jobs. The second paper examines employment mobility and its effects on long-run earnings inequality among Canadian male immigrants using the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) and linked tax data. Incorporating employment risk and earnings mobility, I find long-run earnings inequality among male immigrants is up to 34 percent lower than the current inequality (a 90/10 ratio of 4.92 versus 7.51). Further, I find that around 70 to 80 percent of the total long-run inequality reduction happens within the first 5 years with the remainder occurring by 15 years. Among immigration categories, the Refugees experience the highest level of both earnings mobility and employment risk, while employment mobility mainly happens at the bottom of the earnings distribution for the Family Class and Economic Class. These findings indicate high current earnings inequality among the immigrant population is not persistent in the long run. This is good news. One concerning factor is that the employment risk is concentrated at the bottom of the earnings distribution, especially for the Refugees. In the third paper, I study the effect of changing economic conditions and immigration policies on international Ph.D. students in Canada. After arriving in a host country, they are prone to economic conditions like domestic students and are also likely to be affected by immigration policies. Using the IMDB, I find that, unlike domestic students, international doctoral students experience a shorter study duration under adverse economic conditions. At the same time, a higher unemployment rate negatively affects international Ph.D. students as it associates with a lower probability of both getting permanent resident (PR) status during the study and remaining in Canada in the following year after finishing their studies. Immigration policies are also found to significantly correlate with the students' outcomes. When PR policies are less restrictive, international students have shorter study durations and are more likely to get PR while studying and stay in Canada after studying. Although there is no evidence that relaxed work permit policies affect the study duration of international Ph.D. students, they are shown to negatively correlate with their probability of getting PR during the study period and to substantially improve the retention likelihood.

Summary for Lay Audience

The chapters in my doctoral thesis explore different topics of the economics of immigration. The second chapter studies the effects of social networks on immigrant job search outcomes and job characteristics and how these effects vary across immigration categories. Using the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, I find that the presence of initial networks increases the probability of getting a network job and reduces the probability of getting a formal job. Across immigration categories, network effects vary, with the largest effect among the Refugees, followed by the Family Class, and then the Economic Class immigrants. Regarding new networks, the Economic immigrants gain from more diverse networks, and the Refugees improve their employment outcomes by frequently contacting their networks. Finally, social networks play a limited role in determining the first job’s quality. The third chapter of this paper examines employment mobility and its effects on long-run earnings inequality among Canadian immigrants using the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB). By incorporating employment risk and earnings mobility, I find that long-run earnings inequality among male immigrants is up to 34 percent lower than the current inequality and around 70 to 80 percent of the total long-run inequality reduction happens within the first 5 years. Among immigration categories, the Refugees experience the highest level of both earnings mobility and employment risk, while employment mobility mainly happens at the bottom of the earnings distribution for the Family Class and Economic Class. In the last chapter, I use the IMDB to analyze how changing economic conditions and immigration policies affect international Ph.D. students in Canada. My findings show that these students experience a shorter study duration under adverse economic conditions. A higher unemployment rate reduces the probability of both getting permanent resident (PR) status during the study and remaining in Canada following the end of their studies. When PR policies are less restrictive, international Ph.D. students have shorter study durations and are more likely to get PR while studying and stay in Canada after studying. Relaxed work permit policies are shown to negatively correlate with the probability of getting PR during their studies while substantially improving the retention likelihood.

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