Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Thesis Format

Integrated Article

Degree

Doctor of Philosophy

Program

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Collaborative Specialization

Environment and Sustainability

Supervisor

Bassi, Amarjeet Singh

2nd Supervisor

Karamanev, Dimitre

Co-Supervisor

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Road salt is a global problem especially in cold countries that are focused on road safety in urbanized and big cities. On an average approximately 5 million tonnes of road salt is applied on Canadian highways annually. Road salt impacts aquatic ecosystems, bridges, buildings and corrodes metal structures. Therefore the treatment of road salt is important and needs to be studied.

In this study, a batch lab-scale 3-compartment electrochemical desalination cell was invented and studied to reduce NaCl(aq) (model of road salt) through the utilization of NaBH4/H2O2 redox reaction. Using of several commercial cation exchange and anion exchange membranes desalination was shown to be successful. The average road salt concentrations around City of London, ON was found to be 12 to 18 g/L, which the fuel cell was built based on. Operating in the batch regime, the CMI-7000 in combination with AMI-7001 membrane pairs assisted in the removal of sodium ions with ~98.9%; whereas; the removal of chloride ions was ~99%. Over maximum of 9-hour runtime, the total desalination rate (TDR) for NaCl was 0.70 g.L-1/hr. Other salts such as MgCl2(aq), CaCl2(aq) and KCl(aq) were desalination almost completely in the same lab-scale 3-compartment electrochemical desalination cell in the batch regime. The borohydride/peroxide cell in the batch regime has demonstrated its viability for the desalination of salt solutions.

Second, the 3-compartment electrochemical desalination cell at batch regime with external mixing was studied for faster desalination. It was also used to study additional five different sets of process parameters. Over maximum of approximately 7-hour runtime, the total desalination rate for NaCl was 2.4 times better for batch regime with mixing (1.65 g.L-1/hr) in comparison to static batch regime (0.70 g.L-1/hr).

Third, a 3-compartment electrochemical desalination cell (EDC) was studied utilizing the energy from NaBH4/H2O2 redox reaction in the continuous regime. Five different sets of parameters in the continuous regime were examined. Desalination rate is fastest with continuous regime, where on average the total desalination rate for NaCl was 7.6 times better for continuous regime(5.32 g.L-1/hr) in comparison to batch regime (0.70 g.L-1/hr).

Fourth, a batch lab-scale microbial desalination cell (MDC) was studied. Its performance was compared to that in the previous work (EDC in the batch regime) to reduce the salt concentration by utilizing the energy from sodium acetate/potassium ferricyanide redox reaction. This 3-compartment sodium acetate /NaCl /potassium ferricyanide cell was effective in desalinating NaCl (modeled road salt); however, it is slower. Total Desalination Rate for EDC was 0.70 g.L1/hr; whereas, MDC’s TDR was 0.20 g.L-1/hr. This microbial desalination cell in the batch regime was advantageous because it utilizes wastewater’s energy in desalination.

In addition, a lab-scale hybrid Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC)/EDC was invented and studied to remove NaCl(aq) by utilizing the NaBH4/Fe2(SO4)3 redox chemical reaction in the batch regime. Preliminary runs were “offline”; whereas, “inline” test runs were explored when hybrid MDC/EDC was attached to the bioreactor. The Total Desalination Rate-* this system was 1.1 g.L-1/hr; whereas, MDC’s TDR was 0.20 g.L-1/hr. All the different studies of electrochemical and bio-electrochemical desalination cells are novel work and can be scaled-up.

Summary for Lay Audience

This research focused on the issue of road salt contamination during the icy winter months in Canada. Two innovative fuel cell technologies were invented and studied to remove salt from salty water to make is safe to dispense into the environment.

We explored the idea at first to ensure that desalination can be obtained from utilizing the fuel cell technology that exists in the market today. Thereafter, we explored faster desalination through the same special co-polymer membranes by mixing and increasing the mass transfer rate in the process. Lastly, we explored biochemical approach for a much cleaner byproducts using bacteria (ferrous iron bio-oxidation of by Leptospirillum ferriphilum microorganisms). Although the process was slightly slower than EDC, similar desalination results were achieved. Road salt will continue to be an issue for safer driving across Canada. The electrochemical/biochemical approaches explored in this study can be used for desalination.

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