Exploring the Relationships among Executive Functioning, Behaviour, and Adaptive Skills in Young Children
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationships among executive functions (EFs), adaptive skills, and behaviour problems in young children. Participants were divided into four behaviour groups: high internalizing (INT), high externalizing (EXT), combined high internalizing and externalizing (COMB), and within the normal range (NORM). The predictive ability of inhibition, shift, working memory, adaptive skills, age, and gender on group membership was explored using regression analyses. A person-oriented perspective was also explored using cluster analysis. Fifty-five kindergarten and Grade one educators in Ontario, Canada completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory for Executive Functioning (second or preschool edition) and the Behaviour Assessment System for Children (third edition) for their students (N = 789). There were significant differences across the four behaviour groups in relation to their levels of executive functioning and adaptive skills. Shift was the strongest predictor of INT group membership, whereas inhibition was the strongest predictor of EXT and COMB group membership. Higher levels of adaptive skills were associated with decreased likelihood of being in any of the three behavioural groups. Cluster analysis results produced two EF clusters: those with elevated EF deficits, and those within the normal range of EF. Most children within the normal range of executive functioning were not displaying high levels of behaviour problems; conversely, there were children with EF deficits that were not displaying high levels of behaviour problems. Results provide information in relation to the unity/diversity of EF, the etiology of behaviour problems in young children, and therefore early intervention practices.