Comparative Environmental Assessments in Solar Energy Systems and Sustainable Construction Materials: Life Cycle Analysis and Innovative Tools
Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are pivotal in reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and combating climate change. As demand for clean energy grows, PV deployment is accelerating due to technological advances and lower costs. Despite its environmental benefits, the life cycle impacts of PV systems—covering production, installation, and disposal—raise sustainability concerns. Using life cycle analysis (LCA), this research compares small-scale rooftop and large-scale ground-mounted PV systems, evaluating energy intensity, carbon emissions, and water usage. Rooftop systems generally show lower environmental footprints due to reduced material, transportation, and installation needs. Additionally, alternatives for mounting materials, such as sand-plastic composites demonstrate potential for further carbon reductions. Understanding PV environmental impacts requires accurate performance testing of the PV modules themselves. A DIY I-V curve tracer was developed to facilitate broader PV performance testing, offering a low-cost, accessible solution. Finally, this study explores integrating floating PV systems with solar-powered pale-blue hydrogen production, providing a pathway toward a carbon-negative energy system.