A Cross-Classified Multilevel Study Investigating Perceptions of Misogyny in Popular Music Presented in the Format of Lyrics
Abstract
Several sexist and misogynistic themes in music surround gendered power differences, gaslighting, and objectification (Hill et al., 2021), with a focus on sexual objectification, abuse, violence, distrust, and distain for women (Adams & Fuller, 2006). Thus, the current study investigated university students and adults’ perception of these messages. Using the 2022 Billboard Hot 100 Year-End chart, participants read lyrics from 36 songs and rated the content on six themes of misogyny. Participants then completed a Benevolent and Hostile sexism inventory. Through a cross-classified multilevel modelling design, the results indicated that participants who liked the lyrics rated them with less misogyny. Additionally, women perceived more misogyny than did men, and Rap compared to Pop music had the most misogynistic lyrics. As this project is the first of its kind, it lays the groundwork for future research in this vein.