Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Thesis Format

Monograph

Degree

Master of Laws

Program

Law

Supervisor

Shelley, Jacob

Abstract

In response to the Supreme Court of Canada’s (“SCC”) 2016 ruling Carter v. Canada, Parliament passed Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying). Bill C-14 primarily amended section 241 of the Criminal Code to create an exemption to the crime of counselling or aiding suicide, thereby allowing physicians and nurse practitioners to provide eligible patients with medical assistance in dying (MAID). Since Bill C-14, there has been further evolution in the law to allow patients to access MAID if their natural death is reasonably foreseeable or even if natural death is not reasonably foreseeable provided the associated safeguards are met. The evolution of the law to include those whose natural death is not reasonably foreseeable has raised concerns in the medical and legal community about the interpretation of the legal requirement that a request for MAID be voluntary and not the result of external pressure. These concerns include who should be involved in assessing voluntariness and how this is best achieved. Recently this has expanded to include the extent to which psycho-social-economic concerns, factors that may be beyond the control of the individual requesting MAID and the health care team, influence the assessment of voluntariness.

This project examines the idea of voluntariness and argues that social workers are uniquely situated to assist with assessing whether a patient’s request is voluntary. Chapter two explores the historical decriminalization of assisted suicide and how voluntariness has been considered in the relevant jurisprudence, including Rodriguez v British Columbia (Attorney General) and Carter v Canada (Attorney General). Chapter three expands my scope of review to other areas of law that consider voluntariness such as the confessions rule arising in the criminal law context, unconscionability as it relates to contract law, and informed consent in health law. A comprehensive review of the various special senate committee reports, which address the development of Bill C-14 and the subsequent expansion of Canada’s MAID regime, is used to inform the intention of the voluntary request provision. Chapter four explores the role of social workers in assisting with voluntariness assessments and considers how they are uniquely situated to assist with this work arising from their professional Code of Ethics and scope of practice. The social work profession has a particular interest in the needs of the vulnerable and identifying barriers to services and unmet psycho-social-economic needs. The consideration of unmet needs play an important role in the assessment of voluntariness. Chapter five pulls together the learnings from the previous chapters and identifies the key legal considerations when assessing voluntariness and the important role of social workers in this work.

This project ultimately identifies a role for social workers in assisting physicians and nurse practitioners with voluntariness assessments and suggests they serve as an additional safeguard for ensuring comprehensive voluntariness assessments that consider the individuals’ biopsychosocial context in which the request for MAID arises. It concludes by identifying key legal considerations to assess voluntariness and how the law supports the role of social workers in this work.

Summary for Lay Audience

In response to the Supreme Court of Canada’s (“SCC”) 2016 ruling Carter v. Canada, Parliament passed Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying). Bill C-14 primarily amended section 241 of the Criminal Code to create an exemption to the crime of counselling or aiding suicide, thereby allowing physicians and nurse practitioners to provide eligible patients with medical assistance in dying (MAID). The Criminal Code sets out a number of eligibility criteria, along with associated safeguards that must be met prior to the provision of MAID.

One of the Criminal Code eligibility criteria requires that the person makes a voluntary request for MAID that is not the result of external pressures. Through the evolution of the law, concerns have been raised about the interpretation of voluntariness including how to assess and who should complete this assessment. Generally, the underlying concern relates to ensuring vulnerable persons are not coerced or unduly influenced to request MAID based on external pressures such as socio-economic concerns. This project examines the idea of voluntariness and argues that social workers are uniquely situated to assist with assessing whether a patient’s request is voluntary.

This project ultimately identifies a role for social workers in assisting physicians and nurse practitioners with voluntariness assessments and suggests they serve as an additional safeguard for ensuring comprehensive voluntariness assessments that consider the individuals’ biopsychosocial context in which the request for MAID arises. It concludes by identifying key legal considerations to assess voluntariness and how the law supports the role of social workers in this work.

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