Allocating structure to function: the strong links between neuroplasticity and natural selection

Authors

Michael Anderson, Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA & Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Barbara l. Finlay, Behavioral and Evolutionary Neuroscience Group, Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1-7-2014

Journal

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volume

7

Issue

918

First Page

1

Last Page

16

URL with Digital Object Identifier

10.3389/fnhum.2013.00918

Abstract

A central question in brain evolution is how species-typical behaviors, and the neural function-structure mappings supporting them, can be acquired and inherited. Advocates of brain modularity, in its different incarnations across scientific subfields, argue that natural selection must target domain-dedicated, separately modifiable neural subsystems, resulting in genetically-specified functional modules. In such modular systems, specification of neuron number and functional connectivity are necessarily linked. Mounting evidence, however, from allometric, developmental, comparative, systems-physiological, neuroimaging and neurological studies suggests that brain elements are used and reused in multiple functional systems. This variable allocation can be seen in short-term neuromodulation, in neuroplasticity over the lifespan and in response to damage. We argue that the same processes are evident in brain evolution. Natural selection must preserve behavioral functions that may co-locate in variable amounts with other functions. In genetics, the uses and problems of pleiotropy, the re-use of genes in multiple networks have been much discussed, but this issue has been sidestepped in neural systems by the invocation of modules. Here we highlight the interaction between evolutionary and developmental mechanisms to produce distributed and overlapping functional architectures in the brain. These adaptive mechanisms must be robust to perturbations that might disrupt critical information processing and action selection, but must also recognize useful new sources of information arising from internal genetic or environmental variability, when those appear. These contrasting properties of "robustness" and "evolvability" have been discussed for the basic organization of body plan and fundamental cell physiology. Here we extend them to the evolution and development, "evo-devo," of brain structure.

Notes

© 2014 Anderson and Finlay. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

This article originally published as:

Anderson ML and Finlay BL (2014) Allocating structure to function: the strong links between neuroplasticity and natural selection. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:918. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00918

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.