Language, reading, and math learning profiles in an epidemiological sample of school age children.

Authors

Lisa M D Archibald, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada & Department of Psychology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Janis Oram Cardy, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Marc F Joanisse, Department of Psychology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaFollow
Daniel Ansari, Department of Psychology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaFollow

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1-1-2013

Journal

PLoS One

Volume

8

Issue

10

First Page

77463

Last Page

77463

URL with Digital Object Identifier

10.1371/journal.pone.0077463

Abstract

Dyscalculia, dyslexia, and specific language impairment (SLI) are relatively specific developmental learning disabilities in math, reading, and oral language, respectively, that occur in the context of average intellectual capacity and adequate environmental opportunities. Past research has been dominated by studies focused on single impairments despite the widespread recognition that overlapping and comorbid deficits are common. The present study took an epidemiological approach to study the learning profiles of a large school age sample in language, reading, and math. Both general learning profiles reflecting good or poor performance across measures and specific learning profiles involving either weak language, weak reading, weak math, or weak math and reading were observed. These latter four profiles characterized 70% of children with some evidence of a learning disability. Low scores in phonological short-term memory characterized clusters with a language-based weakness whereas low or variable phonological awareness was associated with the reading (but not language-based) weaknesses. The low math only group did not show these phonological deficits. These findings may suggest different etiologies for language-based deficits in language, reading, and math, reading-related impairments in reading and math, and isolated math disabilities.