Document Type
Article
Publication Date
9-1-2018
Journal
European Urology Focus
Volume
4
Issue
5
First Page
686
Last Page
693
URL with Digital Object Identifier
10.1016/j.euf.2016.11.002
Abstract
Context: Gallium prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligand Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA ( Ga-PSMA) is a promising radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) of prostate cancer. Objective: To conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate detection rate, diagnostic test accuracy, and adverse effects of Ga-PSMA PET/CT or PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for staging of prostate cancer and for restaging of rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after initial treatment. Evidence acquisition: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, our systematic review searched for articles in PubMed and EMBASE databases from 2012 to July 2016. The reference standard was pathology after biopsy or surgery. The analyses used a random effect model and a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model. Evidence synthesis: Fifteen Ga-PSMA PET/CT studies with 1256 patients met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies of staging PET/CT or PET/MRI detected a regional site of cancer for 203 of 273 patients (74%). Nine studies of restaging PET/CT detected sites of recurrence in 799 of 983 patients (81%) with a 50% detection rate (74 of 147 patients) for restaging PSA of 0.2–0.49 ng/ml and a 53% detection rate (56 of 195 patients) for restaging PSA of 0.50–0.99 ng/ml. Staging Ga-PSMA PET/CT in the studies had higher detection rates of sites in the prostate bed than restaging Ga-PSMA PET/CT (mean 57% vs 14%, p = 0.031, t test). Both staging and restaging Ga-PSMA PET/CT found that a subgroup of the patients had metastatic sites in pelvic lymph nodes or distant organs. Eight studies of staging PET/CT undertook histologic correlations. We performed prostate-segment-based analysis specifically regarding the primary cancer lesion for four of these studies, and patient-based analysis specifically regarding pelvic lymph node metastases for four other studies. The pooled sensitivities for staging in the two groups of studies were 70% and 61%, and the pooled specificities were 84% and 97%. None of the studies reported complications from the PET/CT imaging. Conclusions: Ga-PSMA PET/CT has clinical relevance to detect sites of recurrence for patients with PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) with PSA levels less than 1.0 ng/ml. Patient summary: Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) can detect sites of recurrent prostate cancer in an earlier phase of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence than bone scans and CT scans, but choline PET/CT is rarely positive for patients with restaging PSA levels under 1 ng/ml. A new radiotracer called Ga-PSMA for PET/CT was able to detect sites of recurring cancer in up to 50% of patients who had an early rise in PSA exceeding 0.5 ng/ml after initial radical prostatectomy. The published studies did not report adverse effects of Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging. The rate of detection of sites in the prostate bed was significantly higher for staging than for restaging positron emission tomography (PET) using a Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane (PSMA) antigen ligand. Overall, the detection rate did not differ significantly between staging and restaging. The detection rate for restaging Ga-PSMA PET/computed tomography (CT) was 50% for restaging prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 0.2–0.48 ng/ml, 53% for restaging PSA of 0.50–0.99 ng/ml, and higher for higher restaging PSA levels. Patient-based and lesion-based analysis of staging Ga-PSMA PET/CT had sensitivity of 61–70% and specificity of 84–97%. The studies did not report any adverse effects due to imaging. 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68