Bone and Joint Institute
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
11-1-2017
Journal
Molecules
Volume
22
Issue
11
URL with Digital Object Identifier
10.3390/molecules22111850
Abstract
© 2017 by the authors. In this study bio-based bio-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resoles were prepared using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin (DKL) as bio-phenol to partially substitute phenol. The effects of phenol substitution ratio, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of DKL and formaldehyde-to-phenol (F/P) ratio were also investigated to find the optimum curing temperature for BPF resoles. The results indicated that DKL with Mw ∼1200 g/mol provides a curing temperature of less than 180°C for any substitution level, provided that F/P ratios are controlled. Incorporation of lignin reduced the curing temperature of the resin, however, higher Mw DKL negatively affected the curing process. For any level of lignin Mw, the curing temperature was found to increase with lower F/P ratios at lower phenol substitution levels. At 25% and 50% phenol substitution, increasing the F/P ratio allows for synthesis of resoles with lower curing temperatures. Increasing the phenol substitution from 50% to 75% allows for a broader range of lignin Mw to attain low curing temperatures.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Notes
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
This article was originally published at: Siddiqui, H.; Mahmood, N.; Yuan, Z.; Crapulli, F.; Dessbesell, L.; Rizkalla, A.; Ray, A.; Xu, C. Sustainable Bio-Based Phenol-Formaldehyde Resoles Using Hydrolytically Depolymerized Kraft Lignin. Molecules 2017, 22, 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111850