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<title>Geography Publications</title>
<copyright>Copyright (c) 2013 Western University All rights reserved.</copyright>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub</link>
<description>Recent documents in Geography Publications</description>
<language>en-us</language>
<lastBuildDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 16:59:27 PST</lastBuildDate>
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<title>Climate and More Sustainable Cities: Climate Information for Improved Planning and Management of Cities (Producers/Capabilities Perspective)</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/267</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:27 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>In the last two decades substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the scientific basis of urban climates. These are reviewed here with attention to sustainability of cities, applications that use climate information, and scientific understanding in relation to measurements and modelling. Consideration is given from street (micro) scale to neighbourhood (local) to city and region (meso) scale. Those areas where improvements are needed in the next decade to ensure more sustainable cities are identified. High-priority recommendations are made in the following six strategic areas: observations, data, understanding, modelling, tools and education. These include the need for more operational urban measurement stations and networks; for an international data archive to aid translation of research findings into design tools, along with guidelines for different climate zones and land uses; to develop methods to analyse atmospheric data measured above complex urban surfaces; to improve short-range, high-resolution numerical prediction of weather, air quality and chemical dispersion through improved modelling of the biogeophysical features of the urban land surface; to improve education about urban meteorology; and to encourage communication across scientific disciplines at a range of spatial and temporal scales.</p>

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<author>C. S. B. Grimmond et al.</author>


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<title>The International Urban Energy Balance Models Comparison Project: First Results from Phase 1</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/266</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/266</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:25 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>A large number of urban surface energy balance models now exist with different assumptions about the important features of the surface and exchange processes that need to be incorporated. To date, no comparison of these models has been conducted; in contrast, models for natural surfaces have been compared extensively as part of the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes. Here, the methods and first results from an extensive international comparison of 33 models are presented. The aim of the comparison overall is to understand the complexity required to model energy and water exchanges in urban areas. The degree of complexity included in the models is outlined and impacts on model performance are discussed. During the comparison there have been significant developments in the models with resulting improvements in performance (root-mean-square error falling by up to two-thirds). Evaluation is based on a dataset containing net all-wave radiation, sensible heat, and latent heat flux observations for an industrial area in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The aim of the comparison is twofold: to identify those modeling approaches that minimize the errors in the simulated fluxes of the urban energy balance and to determine the degree of model complexity required for accurate simulations. There is evidence that some classes of models perform better for individual fluxes but no model performs best or worst for all fluxes. In general, the simpler models perform as well as the more complex models based on all statistical measures. Generally the schemes have best overall capability to model net all-wave radiation and least capability to model latent heat flux.</p>

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<author>C. S. B. Grimmond et al.</author>


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<title>The Urban Boundary-layer Field Campaign in Marseille (ubl/clu-escompte): Set-up and First Results</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/265</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/265</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:23 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>The UBL/CLU (urban boundary layer/couche limite urbaine) observation and modelling campaign is a side-project of the regional photochemistry campaign ESCOMPTE. UBL/CLU focuses on the dynamics and thermodynamics of the urban boundary layer of Marseille, on the Mediterranean coast of France. The objective of UBL/CLU is to document the four-dimensional structure of the urban boundary layer and its relation to the heat and moisture exchanges between the urban canopy and the atmosphere during periods of low wind conditions, from June 4 to July 16, 2001. The project took advantage of the comprehensive observational set-up of the ESCOMPTE campaign over the Berre–Marseille area, especially the ground-based remote sensing, airborne measurements, and the intensive documentation of the regional meteorology. Additional instrumentation was installed as part of UBL/CLU. Analysis objectives focus on (i) validation of several energy balance computational schemes such as LUMPS, TEB and SM2-U, (ii) ground truth and urban canopy signatures suitable for the estimation of urban albedos and aerodynamic surface temperatures from satellite data, (iii) high resolution mapping of urban land cover, land-use and aerodynamic parameters used in UBL models, and (iv) testing the ability of high resolution atmospheric models to simulate the structure of the UBL during land and sea breezes, and the related transport and diffusion of pollutants over different districts of the city. This paper presents initial results from such analyses and details of the overall experimental set-up.</p>

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<author>Patrice G. Mestayer et al.</author>


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<title>Quantifying Fluvial Non Linearity and Finding Self Organized Criticality? Insights from Simulations of River Basin Evolution</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/264</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/264</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:21 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>A numerical study was undertaken to investigate non linearity and the potential for self-organized criticality (SOC) in the evolution of river basins. Twenty-three simulations were carried out, using the authors' CAESAR landscape evolution model, in which the magnitude of storm events, variability of storm events, sediment heterogeneity, sources of sediment supply, and catchment morphology are systematically varied to evaluate their importance as possible drivers for non linear behavior and SOC.</p>
<p>Temporal fluctuations in simulated sediment yield show notable non linear behavior. Storm magnitude and occurrence of landslides appear to have little impact on variability of the sediment yield, when compared to the impacts of sediment heterogeneity, rainfall variability and catchment morphology. Particularly, it appears that the non linearity of sediment yields results from the manner in which the catchment processes the variable rainfall, rather than just the rainfall variability itself.</p>
<p>The variations in sediment yield show a power law magnitude–frequency distribution, which is a possible, but inconclusive, indicator of SOC. However, several other, more qualitative arguments can be made to support the case for SOC in these simulations. Specifically, we identify the nature of the critical state and suggest two cascade mechanisms by which the system can organize itself around this critical state. Combined, these arguments indicate that simulated evolution of river basins indeed exhibits SOC, at least with respect to sediment yield. The critical state appears to be an indicator of the connectivity of the drainage network. Thus, the simulations indicate that, unlike traditional SOC systems, the critical state of the system can vary in time, as sudden changes in drainage network connectivity may result in sudden changes in the SOC behavior of the system.</p>

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<author>Tom J. Coulthard et al.</author>


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<title>Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/263</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:19 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Every three years the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements revises tables giving the directions of the poles of rotation and the prime meridians of the planets, satellites, minor planets, and comets. This report takes into account the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) and the IAU Committee on Small Body Nomenclature (CSBN) definition of dwarf planets, introduces improved values for the pole and rotation rate of Mercury, returns the rotation rate of Jupiter to a previous value, introduces improved values for the rotation of five satellites of Saturn, and adds the equatorial radius of the Sun for comparison. It also adds or updates size and shape information for the Earth, Mars’ satellites Deimos and Phobos, the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter, and 22 satellites of Saturn. Pole, rotation, and size information has been added for the asteroids (21) Lutetia, (511) Davida, and (2867) Šteins. Pole and rotation information has been added for (2) Pallas and (21) Lutetia. Pole and rotation and mean radius information has been added for (1) Ceres. Pole information has been updated for (4) Vesta. The high precision realization for the pole and rotation rate of the Moon is updated. Alternative orientation models for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are noted. The Working Group also reaffirms that once an observable feature at a defined longitude is chosen, a longitude definition origin should not change except under unusual circumstances. It is also noted that alternative coordinate systems may exist for various (e.g. dynamical) purposes, but specific cartographic coordinate system information continues to be recommended for each body. The Working Group elaborates on its purpose, and also announces its plans to occasionally provide limited updates to its recommendations via its website, in order to address community needs for some updates more often than every 3 years. Brief recommendations are also made to the general planetary community regarding the need for controlled products, and improved or consensus rotation models for Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.</p>

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<author>B. Archinal et al.</author>


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<title>Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/262</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/262</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:18 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
	<![CDATA[
	<p>Every three years the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements revises tables giving the directions of the poles of rotation and the prime meridians of the planets, satellites, minor planets, and comets. This report introduces improved values for the pole and rotation rate of Pluto, Charon, and Phoebe, the pole of Jupiter, the sizes and shapes of Saturn satellites and Charon, and the poles, rotation rates, and sizes of some minor planets and comets. A high precision realization for the pole and rotation rate of the Moon is provided. The expression for the Sun’s rotation has been changed to be consistent with the planets and to account for light travel time.</p>

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<author>P. Seidelmann et al.</author>


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<title>Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2003</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/261</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/261</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:16 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Every three years the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements revises tables giving the directions of the north poles of rotation and the prime meridians of the planets, satellites, and asteroids. This report introduces a system of cartographic coordinates for asteroids and comets. A topographic reference surface for Mars is recommended. Tables for the rotational elements of the planets and satellites and size and shape of the planets and satellites are not included, since there were no changes to the values. They are available in the previous report (Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron., 82, 83–110, 2002), a version of which is also available on a web site.</p>

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<author>P. Seidelmann et al.</author>


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<title>The Influence of Reactive Torques on Comet Nucleus Rotation</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/260</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/260</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:14 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Reactive torques, due to anisotropic sublimation on a comet nucleus surface, produce slow variations of its rotation. In this paper the secular effects of this sublimation are studied. The general rotational equations of motion are averaged over unperturbed fast rotation around the mass center (Euler-Poinsot motion) and over the orbital comet motion. We discuss the parameters that define typical properties of the rotational evolution and discover different classifications of the rotational evolution. As an example we discuss some possible scenarios of rotational evolution for the nuclei of the comets Halley and Borrelly.</p>

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<author>A. I. Neishtadt et al.</author>


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<title>Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/259</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/259</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:12 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
	<![CDATA[
	<p>Every three years the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites revises tables giving the directions of the north poles of rotation and the prime meridians of the planets, satellites, and asteroids. Also presented are revised tables giving their sizes and shapes. Changes since the previous report are summarized in the Appendix.</p>

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<author>P. Seidelmann et al.</author>


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<title>Impact Assessment and Sustainable Resource Management</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/258</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/258</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:11 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>L. Graham Smith</author>


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<title>Benefits and Beneficiaries: A Decision Making Simulation for Offshore Hydrocarbon Development</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/257</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/257</guid>
<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2012 15:26:09 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>L. Graham Smith et al.</author>


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<title>The Converging Dynamics of Interest Representation in Resources Management</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/256</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/256</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 18:37:56 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>The role of the public in resource management has undergone a profound transformation over the past two decades. Public input has evolved from the enthusiasm for the widespread emergence public participation in the early 1970s, through the realization of the relative effectiveness and costs of lobbying activities in the 1980s, to the emergence of environmental dispute resolution (EDR) as a promising new alternative for the 1990s. Throughout this changing dynamic, there has been little attention to fundamental conception. This paper addresses this lack of conceptualization. A model of convergence is proposed to explain this transformation and as the basis for an improved understanding of effective interest representation strategies. The defining characteristics of lobbying, public participation, and environmental dispute resolution in resources management are outlined relative to the publics they involve, interest activity, organization, influence on policy, participatory features, and empowerment. Knowledge of these aspects will further aid in the identification and implementation of effective strategies to interest representation on a context-specific basis.</p>

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<author>L. Graham Smith et al.</author>


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<title>Implementing Sustainability: The Use of Natural Channel Design and Artificial Wetlands for Stormwater Management</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/255</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 18:37:55 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Sustainability is a concept that has been widely embraced both politically and intellectually but has not been addressed in terms of practical application. In most resource sectors, the features of a sustainable future remain unclear and there are few examples that give practical expression to sustainability. This is especially true in the case of water resources management which has been conspicuous in its absence from the majority of the literature. This paper attempts to address this deficiency on two counts. First, it provides a discussion of sustainability and the application of the concept to the management of water resources. Second, the paper illustrates how the concept can be utilized for the management and planning of urban stormwater. The paper concludes by offering research opportunities to investigate the feasibility of adopting natural channel design and artificial wetlands for sustainable stormwater management.</p>

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<author>L. Graham Smith et al.</author>


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<title>Canada&apos;s Changing Impact Assessment Provisions</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/254</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/254</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 18:37:53 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>This paper adopts a broad definition of SIA as applied policy analysis and planning activity. The legal requirements for undertaking SIAs in the United States, Australia, and Canada are discussed. The wide variety of SIA approaches is characterized as predominantly technically oriented or politically oriented. The former approach predominates in Australia and is a useful extension of project-specific EIA. However, politically oriented SIA is necessary as well, particularly when SIA is part of policy making. SIA is an essential part of understanding the process of social change and giving it direction. Politically oriented approaches to SIA are underdeveloped, and this paper explores how they can be further developed and applied in broader contexts (such as community-based studies, regional planning, and in cross-cultural policy). Emphasis is given to how politically oriented SIA can evaluate subjective factors such as cultural and quality of life impacts and have them reflected in relevant decisions.</p>

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<author>L. Graham Smith</author>


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<title>Ontario&apos;s Water Policy: From Policy Vision to Plan Implementation</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/253</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 18:37:52 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>L. Graham Smith</author>


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<title>Evolving Water Management Strategies in Canada</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/252</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 18:37:50 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>L. Graham Smith</author>


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<title>Examining the Potential for a Negotiated Approach to Water Management in Ontario: The Fanshawe Reservoir Enlargement Project</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/251</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 18:37:48 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Water management in Ontario is characterized by a complex institutional arrangement. Overlapping jurisdictions and multiple mandates complicate the resolution of conflicts and disputes, making effective governance of water resources elusive. This paper examines the potential for a negotiated approach to water management in Ontario as a means to resolve the difficulties created by the existing, complex institutional arrangements.Following a brief review of the existing institutional arrangements, the nature of a negotiated approach to resources management is outlined. The potential for this approach for water management in Ontario is then examined through the use of a case study: the Fanshawe Reservoir Enlargement project in London, Ontario. Using extensive file materials and interviews with key participants as data sources, the paper describes the extended nature of planning and project approval that resulted from a lack of coordination amongst the management institutions concerned. The utility of a negotiated approach is examined using the case study to illustrate the flexibility and advantages of negotiation to expedite planning.</p>

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<author>T. J. Carlisle et al.</author>


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<title>Taming B.C. Hydro: Site C and the implementation of the B.C. Utilities Commission Act</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/250</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 12:14:49 PDT</pubDate>
<description>
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	<p>Public policy making in resources management is greatly influenced by the institutional arrangements that arise out of the legal powers, administrative structures, and financial provisions of the decision system. In British Columbia, the institutional arrangements for energy planning in the province have been greatly altered by the passage of the Utilities Commission Act in 1980. This act redefines the policy implementation process for energy in British Columbia and provides for the regulation of the province's power utility, B.C. Hydro. This is the first time that the hitherto autonomous utility has been subject to regulation and the Utilities Commission Act represents a major reform in the institutional arrangements for energy planning in the province. The article evaluates the effectiveness of the 1980 B.C. Utilities Commission Act and assesses the impact of the legislation upon the institutional arrangements for energy planning in the province. Data for the article were derived from written sources and a series of personal interviews with key participants involved with energy planning in B.C.</p>
<p>It is shown that the act represented a major departure in the management of energy resources in B.C. Moreover the implementation of the act's provisions, particularly in regard to B.C. Hydro, had a dramatic impact on the development of new energy projects in the province. It is suggested that while the political and economic climate during the period also favored restraint, the major influence on taming the utility was passage of the Utilities Commission Act. The article concludes by exploring the implications of policy changes that have occurred as a consequence of the act's impact on B.C. Hydro.</p>

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<author>L. Graham Smith</author>


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<title>The Evolution of Public Participation in Canada: Implications for Participatory Practice</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/249</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 12:14:46 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>L. Graham Smith</author>


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<title>Reforming the Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process</title>
<link>http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/geographypub/248</link>
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<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 12:14:43 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Terry Fenge et al.</author>


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