Chemistry Publications

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

Fall 9-23-2015

Journal

Chemistry - A European Journal

Volume

21

First Page

15589

Last Page

15599

URL with Digital Object Identifier

DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502821

Abstract

The evaluation of three subclasses of boron difluoride formazanate complexes bearing o-, m-, and p-anisole N-aryl substituents (Ar) as readily accessible alternatives to boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes for cell imaging applications is described. While the wavelengths of maximum absorption (lmax) and emission (lem) observed for each subclass of complexes, which differed by their carbon-bound substituents (R), were similar, the emission quantum yields for 7a-c (R = cyano) were enhanced relative to 8a-c (R = nitro) and 9a-c (R = phenyl). Complexes 7a-c and 8a-c were also significantly easier to reduce electrochemically to their radical anion and dianion forms compared to 9a-c. Within each subclass, the o-substituted derivatives were more difficult to reduce, had shorter lmax and lem, and lower emission quantum yields than the p-substituted analogs as a result of sterically-driven twisting of the N-aryl substituents and a decrease in the degree of p conjugation. The m-substituted complexes were the least difficult to reduce and possessed intermediate lmax,lem,and quantum yields. The complexes studied also exhibited large Stokes shifts (82-152 nm, 2143-5483 cm-1). Finally, the utility of complex 7c (Ar = p-anisole, R = cyano), which can be prepared for just a few dollars per gram, for fluorescence cell imaging was demonstrated. The use of 7c and 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) allowed for simultaneous imaging of the cytoplasm and nucleus of mouse fibroblast cells.

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