2024-03-28T13:18:24Z
http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/do/oai/
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:mbrainpub-1000
2009-05-23T00:34:06Z
publication:animalpub
publication:animal
publication:patholpub
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:pathol
publication:mbrainpub
publication:robarts
publication:institutes
publication:campusunits
Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Induces Microglial Priming in the Lumbar Spinal Cord: A Novel Model of Neuroinflammation
Moisse, Katie
Welch, Ian
Hill, Tracy
Volkening, Kathryn
Strong, Michael J.
Background: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in mice results in a brain infarct, the volume of which depends on the length of occlusion. Following permanent occlusion, neuropathological changes – including a robust glial inflammatory response – also occur downstream of the infarct in the spinal cord.
Methods: We have performed short, transient MCAo in mice to induce penumbral damage spanning the motor cortex. A 30 minute MCAo using a poly-L-lysine-coated intraluminal suture introduced through a common carotid artery incision was performed in 17 female C57BL/6 mice. Five sham-operated mice received common carotid artery ligation without insertion of the suture. Neurobehavioural assessments were performed during occlusion, immediately following reperfusion, and at 24 and 72 hours post-reperfusion. Routine histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed at 24 and 72 hours.
Results: In 11 of the surviving 16 mice subjected to MCAo, we observed a focal, subcortical necrotic lesion and a reproducible, diffuse cortical lesion with accompanying upper motor neuron involvement. This was associated with contralateral ventral spinal cord microglial priming without significant reactive astrocytosis or lower motor neuron degeneration.
Conclusion: The advantages to this method are that it yields a reproducible cortical lesion, the extent of which is predictable using behavioural testing during the period of ischemia, with upper motor neuron involvement and downstream priming, but not full activation, of microglia in the lumbar spinal cord. In addition, survival is excellent following the 30 minutes of occlusion, rendering this a novel and useful model for examining the effects of microglial priming in the spinal motor neuron pool.
2008-07-07T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/mbrainpub/1
http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/5/1/29
Robarts Molecular Brain Publications
Scholarship@Western
Middle cerebral artery occlusion
MCAo
Microglial priming
Neuroinflammation
Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience
Neurology
Neurosciences
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:patholpub-1001
2009-09-18T00:38:22Z
publication:patholpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:pathol
Human CNS Cultures Exposed to HIV-1 gp120 Reproduce Dendritic Injuries of HIV-1-associated Dementia
Iskander, Sam
Walsh, Kimberley A.
Hammond, Robert R.
HIV-1-associated dementia remains a common subacute to chronic central nervous system degeneration in adult and pediatric HIV-1 infected populations. A number of viral and host factors have been implicated including the HIV-1 120 kDa envelope glycoprotein (gp120). In human post-mortem studies using confocal scanning laser microscopy for microtubule-associated protein 2 and synaptophysin, neuronal dendritic pathology correlated with dementia. In the present study, primary human CNS cultures exposed to HIV-1 gp120 at 4 weeks in vitro suffered gliosis and dendritic damage analogous to that described in association with HIV-1-associated dementia.
2004-05-27T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/patholpub/2
http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/1/1/7
Pathology Publications
Scholarship@Western
HIV-1-associated dementia
glycoprotein
human CNS cultures
Medical Pathology
Pathology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:patholpub-1004
2009-10-12T02:47:14Z
publication:patholpub
publication:physpharmpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:pathol
publication:physpharm
Antioxidant Protection from HIV-1 gp120-induced Neuroglial Toxicity
Walsh, Kimberley A.
Megyesi, Joseph F.
Wilson, John X.
Crukley, Jeff
Laubach, Victor E.
Hammond, Robert R.
Background: The pathogenesis of HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120) associated neuroglial toxicity remains unresolved, but oxidative injury has been widely implicated as a contributing factor. In previous studies, exposure of primary human central nervous system tissue cultures to gp120 led to a simplification of neuronal dendritic elements as well as astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia; neuropathological features of HIV-1-associated dementia. Gp120 and proinflammatory cytokines upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an important source of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrosative stress. Because ascorbate scavenges reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, we studied the effect of ascorbate supplementation on iNOS expression as well as the neuronal and glial structural changes associated with gp120 exposure.
Methods: Human CNS cultures were derived from 16-18 week gestation post-mortem fetal brain. Cultures were incubated with 400 microM ascorbate-2-O-phosphate (Asc-p) or vehicle for 18 hours then exposed to 1 nM gp120 for 24 hours. The expression of iNOS and neuronal (MAP2) and astrocytic (GFAP) structural proteins was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM).
Results: Following gp120 exposure iNOS was markedly upregulated from undetectable levels at baseline. Double label CSLM studies revealed astrocytes to be the prime source of iNOS with rare neurons expressing iNOS. This upregulation was attenuated by the preincubation with Asc-p, which raised the intracellular concentration of ascorbate. Astrocytic hypertrophy and neuronal injury caused by gp120 were also prevented by preincubation with ascorbate.
Conclusions: Ascorbate supplementation prevents the deleterious upregulation of iNOS and associated neuronal and astrocytic protein expression and structural changes caused by gp120 in human brain cell cultures.
2004-05-27T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/patholpub/5
http://www.jneuroinflammation.com/content/1/1/8
Pathology Publications
Scholarship@Western
glycoprotein 120
antioxidant
HIV
neuroglial toxicity
Medical Pathology
Pathology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:cnspub-1000
2009-10-15T22:20:59Z
publication:patholpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:pathol
A Stronger Approach to Weakness in the Intensive Care Unit
Young, G. Bryan
Hammond, Robert R.
ICU-acquired limb and respiratory muscle weakness is a common, serious ICU syndrome, increasing in frequency with prolonged ICU stay and sepsis. A systematic approach facilitates precise localization of the problem within central or peripheral nervous system. Most cases relate to critical illness polyneuropathy or myopathy or a combination of both (critical illness neuromyopathy). Within the latter entity, the relative contribution of neuropathy versus myopathy varies considerably among affected patients. Muscle enzyme testing, electromyography-nerve conduction and muscle biopsy are valuable investigative tests. Nerve biopsy is less commonly needed, but is useful when vascultis is suspected.
2004-10-01T07:00:00Z
response
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cnspub/1
http://ccforum.com/content/8/6/416
Clinical Neurological Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Critical Illness
Electromyography
Humans
Iatrogenic Disease
Intensive Care Units
Multiple Organ Failure
Muscular Atrophy
POEMS Syndrome
Ventilator Weaning
Medical Neurobiology
Neuroscience and Neurobiology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:physpharmpub-1022
2009-10-27T01:06:23Z
publication:physpharmpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:physpharm
Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Shows Enhanced Response to General Anesthetics
Long, Jennifer J. A.
Shen, Bixia
Luo, Tao
Stewart, Lee
McMurran, Thomas J. A.
Leung, L. Stan
Complex partial seizures, commonly arising from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), are associated with neuronal loss and post-seizure impairment of consciousness. We tested the hypothesis that TLE subjects, in between seizures, are associated with a decreased level of consciousness that is manifested by an enhanced response to a general anesthetic. Two animal models of TLE--amygdala kindling and pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (Pilo-SE)--were tested. Pilo-SE rats, but not amygdala-kindled rats, showed a prolonged loss of pain and righting responses after 20 and 40 mg/kg i.p. pentobarbital, 2% halothane, and 5 and 10 mg/kg i.v. propofol as compared to control saline-treated rats. Since the major pathology of Pilo-SE rats was cell loss in the piriform cortex (PC) and the entorhinal cortex (EC), we studied the anesthetic response after inactivation of the EC or PC by locally infusing GABAA receptor agonist muscimol. Muscimol inactivation of the PC or EC, as compared to saline infusion in the same rats, prolonged the duration of loss of righting reflex, typically without changing the duration of loss of tail-pinch response, after 20 mg/kg i.p. pentobarbital, 2% halothane and 5 mg/kg i.v. propofol. Muscimol infusion, as compared to saline infusion, in the PC or EC also tended to decrease 30-100 Hz gamma EEG in the frontal cortex. In conclusion, a TLE model that resulted in neuronal loss, Pilo-SE, enhanced the response to a general anesthetic that could partly be attributed to a loss of neurons in the EC and PC.
2009-09-01T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/physpharmpub/23
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.05.036
Physiology and Pharmacology Publications
Scholarship@Western
Anesthetics
General
Animals
Brain
Consciousness Disorders
Convulsants
Disease Models
Animal
Electroencephalography
Entorhinal Cortex
Epilepsy
Temporal Lobe
GABA Agonists
Halothane
Kindling
Neurologic
Male
Muscimol
Nerve Degeneration
Olfactory Pathways
Pentobarbital
Pilocarpine
Propofol
Rats
Rats
Sprague-Dawley
Status Epilepticus
Anesthetics, General
Disease Models, Animal
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
Kindling, Neurologic
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Life Sciences
Medical Physiology
Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Systems Neuroscience
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:mbrainpub-1003
2010-02-22T04:05:49Z
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:biochempub
publication:mbrainpub
publication:robarts
publication:biochem
publication:institutes
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Substrate 3 Adapter Is a Developmentally Regulated Microtubule-associated Protein Expressed in Migrating and Differentiated Neurons
Hryciw, Todd
MacDonald, James I. S.
Phillips, Renée
Seah, Claudia
Pasternak, Stephen
Meakin, Susan O.
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) mediated signaling is essential to many aspects of neural development. Activated FGF receptors signal primarily through the FGF receptor substrate (Frs) adapters, which include Frs2/Frs2alpha and Frs3/Frs2beta. While some studies suggest that Frs3 can compensate for the loss of Frs2 in transfected cells, the lack of an effective Frs3 specific antibody has prevented efforts to determine the role(s) of the endogenous protein. To this end, we have generated a Frs3 specific antibody and have characterized the pattern of Frs3 expression in the developing nervous system, its subcellular localization as well as its biochemical properties. We demonstrate that Frs3 is expressed at low levels in the ventricular zone of developing cortex, between E12 and E15, and it co-localizes with nestin and acetylated alpha-tubulin in radial processes in the ventricular/subventricular zones as well as with betaIII tubulin in differentiated cortical neurons. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrate that endogenous Frs3 is both soluble and plasma membrane associated while Frs3 expressed in 293T cells associates exclusively with lipid rafts. Lastly, we demonstrate that neuronal Frs3 binds microtubules comparable to the microtubule-associated protein, MAP2, while Frs2 does not. Collectively, these data suggest that neuronal Frs3 functions as a novel microtubule binding protein and they provide the first biochemical evidence that neuronal Frs3 is functionally distinct from Frs2/Frs2alpha.
2010-02-01T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/mbrainpub/4
info:doi/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06503.x
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123190694/abstract
Robarts Molecular Brain Publications
Scholarship@Western
cortical neurogenesis
FGF receptor signaling
Frs3/Frs2?
lipid rafts
microtubules
Medical Biochemistry
Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience
Neurology
Neurosciences
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:vascularpub-1041
2023-03-16T13:59:17Z
publication:vascularpub
publication:mnipub
publication:pmid
publication:immunologypub
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:medpub
publication:cnspub
publication:med
publication:epidem
publication:mni
publication:robarts
publication:institutes
publication:epidempub
Effects of Intensive Medical Therapy on Microemboli and Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Spence, J. David
Coates, Victoria
Li, Hector
Tamayo, Arturo
Muñoz, Claudio
Hackam, Daniel G.
DiCicco, Maria
DesRoches, Janine
Bogiatzi, Chrysi
Klein, Jonathan
Madrenas, Joaquim
Hegele, Robert A.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of more intensive medical therapy on the rate of transcranial Doppler (TCD) microemboli and cardiovascular events in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ACS). DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: A teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Four hundred sixty-eight patients with ACS greater than 60% by Doppler peak velocity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We compared (1) the proportion of ACS patients who had microemboli on TCD, (2) cardiovascular events, (3) rate of carotid plaque progression, and (4) baseline medical therapy, before and since 2003. RESULTS: Among 468 ACS patients, 199 were enrolled between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2002; and 269 were enrolled between January 1, 2003, and July 30, 2007. Microemboli were present in 12.6% before 2003 and 3.7% since 2003 (P < .001). The decline in microemboli coincided with better control of plasma lipids and slower progression of carotid total plaque area. Since 2003, there have been significantly fewer cardiovascular events among patients with ACS: 17.6% had stroke, death, myocardial infarction, or carotid endarterectomy for symptoms before 2003, vs 5.6% since 2003 (P < .001). The rate of carotid plaque progression in the first year of follow-up has declined from 69 mm(2) (SD, 96 mm(2)) to 23 mm(2) (SD, 86 mm(2)) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular events and microemboli on TCD have markedly declined with more intensive medical therapy. Less than 5% of patients with ACS now stand to benefit from revascularization; patients with ACS should receive intensive medical therapy and should only be considered for revascularization if they have microemboli on TCD.
2010-02-01T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/vascularpub/42
info:doi/10.1001/archneurol.2009.289
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.289
Robarts Vascular Research Publications
Scholarship@Western
Microemboli
Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
Allergy and Immunology
Cardiology
Neurology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:mbrainpub-1005
2010-06-12T02:04:41Z
publication:physpharmpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:physpharm
publication:mbrainpub
publication:robarts
publication:institutes
Rapid and Direct Transport of Cell Surface APP to the Lysosome Defines a Novel Selective Pathway
Lorenzen, Angela
Samosh, Jonathan
Vandewark, Kenneth
Anborgh, Pieter H.
Seah, Claudia
Magalhaes, Ana C.
Cregan, Sean P.
Ferguson, Stephen S. G.
Pasternak, Stephen H.
BACKGROUND: A central feature of Alzheimer's disease is the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) by the beta-secretase and gamma-secretase enzymes. Although this has been shown to occur after endocytosis of APP from the cell surface, the exact compartments of APP processing are not well defined. We have previously demonstrated that APP and gamma-secretase proteins and activity are highly enriched in purified rat liver lysosomes. In order to examine the lysosomal distribution and trafficking of APP in cultured cells, we generated constructs containing APP fused to a C-terminal fluorescent protein tag and N-terminal HA-epitope tag. These were co-transfected with a panel of fluorescent-protein tagged compartment markers.
RESULTS: Here we demonstrate using laser-scanning confocal microscopy that although APP is present throughout the endosomal/lysosomal system in transfected Cos7 and neuronal SN56 cell lines as well as in immunostained cultured mouse neurons, it is enriched in the lysosome. We also show that the Swedish and London mutations reduce the amount of APP in the lysosome. Surprisingly, in addition to its expected trafficking from the cell surface to the early and then late endosomes, we find that cell-surface labelled APP is transported rapidly and directly from the cell surface to lysosomes in both Cos7 and SN56 cells. This rapid transit to the lysosome is blocked by the presence of either the London or Swedish mutations.
CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the presence of a novel, rapid and specific transport pathway from the cell surface to the lysosomes. This suggests that regulation of lysosomal traffic could regulate APP processing and that the lysosome could play a central role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
2010-04-21T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/mbrainpub/6
info:doi/10.1186/1756-6606-3-11
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-6606-3-11
Robarts Molecular Brain Publications
Scholarship@Western
Alzheimer's disease
amyloid precursor protein
APP
Lysosome
Medical Neurobiology
Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience
Neurology
Neurosciences
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:vascularpub-1052
2023-03-16T13:59:53Z
publication:vascularpub
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:robarts
publication:institutes
Dietary Cholesterol and Egg Yolks: Not for Patients at Risk of Vascular Disease
Spence, J. David
Jenkins, David J. A.
Davignon, Jean
A widespread misconception has been developing among the Canadian public and among physicians. It is increasingly believed that consumption of dietary cholesterol and egg yolks is harmless. There are good reasons for long- standing recommendations that dietary cholesterol should be limited to less than 200 mg/day; a single large egg yolk contains approximately 275 mg of cholesterol (more than a day’s worth of cholesterol). Although some studies showed no harm from consumption of eggs in healthy people, this outcome may have been due to lack of power to detect clinically relevant increases in a low-risk population. Moreover, the same studies showed that among participants who became diabetic during observation, consumption of one egg a day doubled their risk compared with less than one egg a week. Diet is not just about fasting cholesterol; it is mainly about the postprandial effects of cholesterol, saturated fats, oxidative stress and inflammation. A misplaced focus on fasting lipids obscures three key issues. Dietary cholesterol increases the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation, increases postprandial lipemia and potentiates the adverse effects of dietary saturated fat. Dietary cholesterol, including egg yolks, is harmful to the arteries. Patients at risk of cardiovascular disease should limit their intake of cholesterol. Stopping the consumption of egg yolks after a stroke or myocardial infarction would be like quitting smoking after a diagnosis of lung cancer: a necessary action, but late. The evidence presented in the current review suggests that the widespread perception among the public and health care professionals that dietary cholesterol is benign is misplaced, and that improved education is needed to correct this misconception.
2010-11-01T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/vascularpub/53
http://www.pulsus.com/journals/abstract.jsp?sCurrPg=abstract&jnlKy=1&atlKy=9788&isuKy=946&isArt=t&fromfold=Current%20Issue
Robarts Vascular Research Publications
Scholarship@Western
Eggs
Diet
Cholesterol
Coronary
Stroke
Atherosclerosis
Cardiology
Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:cnspub-1001
2011-04-04T01:37:45Z
publication:fammedpub
publication:fammed
publication:rwkex_researcharticles
publication:ceri
publication:anesthesia
publication:paed
publication:pmid
publication:anesthesiapub
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:medpub
publication:cnspub
publication:rwkex
publication:med
publication:institutes
publication:paedpub
publication:ceripub
Rules of Engagement: Residents' Perceptions of the In-training Evaluation Process
Watling, Christopher J.
Kenyon, Cynthia F.
Zibrowski, Elaine M.
Schulz, Valerie
Goldszmidt, Mark A.
Singh, Indu
Maddocks, Heather L.
Lingard, Lorelei
BACKGROUND: In-training evaluation reports (ITERs) often fall short of their goals of promoting resident learning and development. Efforts to address this problem through faculty development and assessment-instrument modification have been disappointing. The authors explored residents' experiences and perceptions of the ITER process to gain insight into why the process succeeds or fails.
METHOD: Using a grounded theory approach, semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 residents. Constant comparative analysis for emergent themes was conducted.
RESULTS: All residents identified aspects of "engagement" in the ITER process as the dominant influence on the success of ITERs. Both external (evaluator-driven, such as evaluator credibility) and internal (resident-driven, such as self-assessment) influences on engagement were elaborated. When engagement was lacking, residents viewed the ITER process as inauthentic.
CONCLUSIONS: Engagement is a critical factor to consider when seeking to improve ITER use. Our articulation of external and internal influences on engagement provides a starting point for targeted interventions.
2008-10-01T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cnspub/2
info:doi/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318183e78c
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318183e78c
Clinical Neurological Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Attitude of Health Personnel
Cohort Studies
Educational Measurement
Inservice Training
Internship and Residency
Interprofessional Relations
Interviews
Knowledge of Results
Program Evaluation
Reproducibility of Results
Female
Humans
Interviews as Topic
Knowledge of Results (Psychology)
Male
Health and Medical Administration
Health Services Research
Medicine and Health Sciences
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:scsdpub-1001
2011-04-09T04:19:19Z
publication:kin
publication:rwkex_researcharticles
publication:physpharmpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:rwkex
publication:kinpub
publication:physpharm
publication:scsdpub
publication:scsd
Stuttered Swallowing: Electric Stimulation of the Right Insula Interferes with Water Swallowing. A Case Report
Sörös, Peter
Al-Otaibi, Faisal
Wong, Savio W. H.
Shoemaker, J. Kevin
Mirsattari, Seyed M.
Hachinski, Vladimir
Martin, Ruth E.
BACKGROUND: Various functional resonance imaging, magnetoencephalographic and lesion studies suggest the involvement of the insular cortex in the control of swallowing. However, the exact location of insular activation during swallowing and its functional significance remain unclear.
CASE PRESENTATION: Invasive electroencephalographic monitoring was performed in a 24-year-old man with medically intractable stereotyped nocturnal hypermotor seizures due to a ganglioglioma. During stimulation of the right inferior posterior insular cortex with depth electrodes the patient spontaneously reported a perception of a "stutter in swallowing". Stimulation of the inferior posterior insular cortex at highest intensity (4 mA) was also associated with irregular and delayed swallows. Swallowing was not impaired during stimulation of the superior posterior insular cortex, regardless of stimulation intensity.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the right inferior posterior insular cortex is involved in the neural circuitry underlying the control of swallowing.
2011-02-05T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/scsdpub/2
info:doi/10.1186/1471-2377-11-20
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045307/
Communication Sciences and Disorders Publications
Scholarship@Western
Stuttered swallowing
Electric stimulation
Insula
Water swallowing
Communication Sciences and Disorders
Kinesiology
Medical Physiology
Neurology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:cnspub-1003
2011-09-06T02:46:42Z
publication:rwkex_researcharticles
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:rwkex
publication:physmed
publication:physmedpub
Creatine Monohydrate and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Improve Strength and Body Composition Following Resistance Exercise in Older Adults
Tarnopolsky, Mark
Zimmer, Andrew
Paikin, Jeremy
Safdar, Adeel
Aboud, Alissa
Pearce, Erin
Roy, Brian
Doherty, Timothy
Aging is associated with lower muscle mass and an increase in body fat. We examined whether creatine monohydrate (CrM) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could enhance strength gains and improve body composition (i.e., increase fat-free mass (FFM); decrease body fat) following resistance exercise training in older adults (>65 y). Men (N = 19) and women (N = 20) completed six months of resistance exercise training with CrM (5g/d)+CLA (6g/d) or placebo with randomized, double blind, allocation. Outcomes included: strength and muscular endurance, functional tasks, body composition (DEXA scan), blood tests (lipids, liver function, CK, glucose, systemic inflammation markers (IL-6, C-reactive protein)), urinary markers of compliance (creatine/creatinine), oxidative stress (8-OH-2dG, 8-isoP) and bone resorption (Nu-telopeptides). Exercise training improved all measurements of functional capacity (P<0.05) and strength (P<0.001), with greater improvement for the CrM+CLA group in most measurements of muscular endurance, isokinetic knee extension strength, FFM, and lower fat mass (P<0.05). Plasma creatinine (P<0.05), but not creatinine clearance, increased for CrM+CLA, with no changes in serum CK activity or liver function tests. Together, this data confirms that supervised resistance exercise training is safe and effective for increasing strength in older adults and that a combination of CrM and CLA can enhance some of the beneficial effects of training over a six-month period. Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00473902.
2007-10-03T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cnspub/4
info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000991
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1994592/
Clinical Neurological Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Aging
Body Composition
Creatine
Exercise
Humans
Isometric Contraction
Linoleic Acid
Muscles
Nutritional Sciences
Physical Endurance
Weight Lifting
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Female
Male
Medical Nutrition
Medical Physiology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:kinpub-1010
2011-10-31T02:17:24Z
publication:kin
publication:rwkex_researcharticles
publication:surgerypub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:rwkex
publication:kinpub
publication:physmed
publication:physmedpub
publication:surgery
Vastus Medialis Motor Unit Properties in Knee Osteoarthritis
Berger, Michael J.
Chess, David G.
Doherty, Timothy J.
BACKGROUND: Maximal isometric quadriceps strength deficits have been widely reported in studies of knee osteoarthritis (OA), however little is known about the effect of osteoarthritis knee pain on submaximal quadriceps neuromuscular function. The purpose of this study was to measure vastus medialis motor unit (MU) properties in participants with knee OA, during submaximal isometric contractions.
METHODS: Vastus medialis motor unit potential (MUP) parameters were assessed in 8 patients with knee OA and 8 healthy, sex and age-matched controls during submaximal isometric contractions (20% of maximum isometric torque). Unpaired t-tests were used to compare groups for demographic and muscle parameters.
RESULTS: Maximum knee extension torque was ~22% lower in the OA group, a difference that was not statistically significantly (p = 0.11). During submaximal contractions, size related parameters of the needle MUPs (e.g. negative peak duration and amplitude-to-area ratio) were greater in the OA group (p < 0.05), with a rightward shift in the frequency distribution of surface MUP negative peak amplitude. MUP firing rates were significantly lower in the OA group (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Changes in MU recruitment and rate coding strategies in OA may reflect a chronic reinnervation process or a compensatory strategy in the presence of chronic knee pain associated with OA.
2011-09-13T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/kinpub/11
info:doi/10.1186/1471-2474-12-199
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182963/
Kinesiology Publications
Scholarship@Western
Vastus medialis motor unit
Knee
osteoarthritis
Kinesiology
Medical Physiology
Musculoskeletal System
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:hrspub-1001
2012-03-04T03:25:34Z
publication:hrs
publication:rwkex_researcharticles
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:rwkex
publication:otpub
publication:hrspub
publication:healthstudies
publication:scsdpub
publication:scsd
publication:healthstudiespub
publication:ot
The Effects of Word Length, Articulation, Oral-motor Movement, and Lexicality on Gait: A Pilot Study
Davie, K. L.
Cardy, Janis E. Oram
Holmes, J. D.
Gagnon, M.
Hyde, A.
Jenkins, M. E.
Johnson, Andrew M.
Previous research has suggested that articulatory demands are important predictors of the impact of dual-task interference on spatial-temporal parameters of gait. In this study, we evaluated the effects of word length, oral-motor movement, articulation, and lexicality, within a verbal task, on a continuous gait task. Fifteen healthy young women participated in a study in which two word lengths (monosyllabic and bisyllabic) were crossed with four levels of secondary task complexity (no dual-task, non-speech movement, spoken non-word, and spoken word). Spatial and temporal parameters of gait were measured using a 23' instrumented carpet. Results indicated a significant multivariate main effect for task type, F(15, 120)=3.07, that explained 71.1% of the demonstrated variability in gait. Univariate analyses of this main effect revealed statistically significant effects for velocity, step time, swing time, and stance time, but no statistically significant effect for step length. Post hoc analyses suggested that dual-task interference produced significant changes in the parameters of gait, but that this interference was not significantly greater with non-words as compared to the non-speech movement condition, nor was it significantly greater with words as compared to non-words. The results of this systematic deconstruction of a simple verbal task suggest that the motor component of a secondary speech task may produce the largest amount of interference within a dual-task interference paradigm.
2012-01-04T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/hrspub/2
info:doi/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.006
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Dual task interference
Speech
Cognition
Gait
Communication Sciences and Disorders
Occupational Therapy
Rehabilitation and Therapy
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:hrspub-1002
2012-03-04T03:51:57Z
publication:hrs
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:otpub
publication:hrspub
publication:healthstudies
publication:healthstudiespub
publication:ot
Dual Task Performance in a Healthy Young Adult Population: Results from a Symmetric Manipulation of Task Complexity and Articulation
Armieri, Albert
Holmes, Jeffrey D.
Spaulding, Sandi J.
Jenkins, Mary E.
Johnson, Andrew M.
The ability to execute and maintain gait while performing simultaneous cognitive, verbal, or motor tasks ('dual-tasking') is beneficial in many ways. It is well-documented, however, that dual-tasking can result in cognitive or motoric interference that results in diminished gait performance, and impaired secondary task performance. When manipulating cognitive load, it is common to have participants respond verbally to stimuli. While this is an ecologically valid way to measure the effects of cognitive load on gait, it ignores the additional demands inherent in the verbal aspect of the task. In the present study, we manipulated complexity and articulation within a single working memory task, in order to examine their relative impact on continuous spatiotemporal gait parameters. Fourteen healthy young adults (11 women) aged 18-30 (M=22.14, S.D.=2.28) were asked to memorize a random, non-repeating, sequence of three, five, or seven digits. Articulation was manipulated by either having participants rehearse the digits aloud, or rehearse the digits silently during the performance of the gait task. Gait parameters were quantified with a GAITRite instrumented carpet. Velocity, step time, swing time, and stance time demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) interaction between complexity and articulation, with articulation having a greater effect at higher levels of complexity. These results suggest that verbal secondary tasks may actually create a 'triple-task' in which the cognitive complexity of the task interacts with both the articulatory demands of the response modality, and the motoric demands of the gait task.
2009-02-01T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/hrspub/3
info:doi/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.09.004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.09.004
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Adolescent
Adult
Cognition
Motor Skills
Space Perception
Task Performance and Analysis
Young Adult
Female
Humans
Male
Communication Sciences and Disorders
Neurology
Rehabilitation and Therapy
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:otpub-1003
2012-03-04T03:40:47Z
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:otpub
publication:healthstudies
publication:scsdpub
publication:scsd
publication:healthstudiespub
publication:ot
Dual-task Interference: The Effects of Verbal Cognitive Tasks on Upright Postural Stability in Parkinson's Disease
Holmes, J. D.
Jenkins, M. E.
Johnson, Andrew M.
Adams, S. G.
Spaulding, S. J.
Although dual-task interference has previously been demonstrated to have a significant effect on postural control among individuals with Parkinson's disease, the impact of speech complexity on postural control has not been demonstrated using quantitative biomechanical measures. The postural stability of twelve participants with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and twelve healthy age-matched controls was evaluated under three conditions: (1) without a secondary task, (2) performing a rote repetition task and (3) generating a monologue. Results suggested a significant effect of cognitive load on biomechanical parameters of postural stability. Although both groups increased their postural excursion, individuals with Parkinson's disease demonstrated significantly reduced excursion as compared with that of healthy age-matched controls. This suggests that participants with Parkinson's disease may be overconstraining their postural adjustments in order to focus attention on the cognitive tasks without losing their balance. Ironically, this overconstraint may place the participant at greater risk for a fall.
2010-02-14T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/otpub/4
info:doi/10.4061/2010/696492
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957284/
Occupational Therapy Publications
Scholarship@Western
Dual-Task Interference
Verbal Cognitive Tasks
Upright Postural Stability
Parkinson's Disease
Communication Sciences and Disorders
Neurology
Occupational Therapy
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:healthstudiespub-1072
2012-03-05T01:42:43Z
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:healthstudies
publication:healthstudiespub
Identification and Management of Impulse Control Disorders Among Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease
Johnson, Andrew M.
Hyson, H. Christopher
Roland, Kaitlyn
Although Parkinson’s disease is primarily considered to be a motor disorder, it has inarguable effects on cognition and personality. The cluster of neuropsychiatric sequelae known as impulse-control disorders has been of particular interest in recent years, perhaps owing to the potentially disastrous effects that such behaviors can have on individuals and families. Research has suggested that impulse control disorders are significantly more prevalent among individuals with Parkinson’s disease, particularly with regards to pathological gambling and hypersexuality, and has further suggested that these disorders are significantly and substantively affected by the use of dopamine agonists. Treatment options for impulse control disorders tend to revolve around dopamine agonist dose reduction or cessation. The use of psychosocial strategies, or deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may also be considered in the management of patients with impulse control disorders.
2011-05-01T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/healthstudiespub/72
http://www.healthplexus.net/article/identification-and-management-impulse-control-disorders-among-individuals-parkinson%E2%80%99s-diseas
Health Studies Publications
Scholarship@Western
Impulse control disorders
Parkinson’s disease
Dopamine agonists service use
Neurology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:healthstudiespub-1071
2012-03-05T01:43:47Z
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:healthstudies
publication:healthstudiespub
Identifying and Managing Caregiver Burden Among Spouses of Individuals with Parkinson's Disease
Roland, Kaitlyn
Johnson, Andrew M.
Jenkins, Mary E.
Burden is a psychological concept, a subjective interpretation by caregivers of the extent to which the caregiving experience impacts on one's health, social life, or financial status. In this article, we examine some of the predictors of caregiver burden, and look specifically at the burden experienced by caregivers of individuals with Parkinson's disease.
2011-11-01T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/healthstudiespub/71
http://www.healthplexus.net/article/identifying-and-managing-caregiver-burden-among-spouses-individuals-parkinsons-disease
Health Studies Publications
Scholarship@Western
Parkinson's disease
Psychological health
Physical health
Caregiver burden
Geriatric Nursing
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:hrspub-1003
2012-03-07T04:44:53Z
publication:hrs
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:hrspub
publication:healthstudies
publication:healthstudiespub
An Exploration of the Burden Experienced by Spousal Caregivers of Individuals with Parkinson's Disease
Roland, Kaitlyn P
Jenkins, Mary E.
Johnson, Andrew M.
Although previous research has attempted to identify the needs of caregivers for individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), most has focused on the demands associated with the physical needs of the patient, and not on "mental burden." This study used the repertory grid method to capture the full range of caregivers' subjective experience, quantify their perceptions, and to acquire information that might be useful in directing remediation attempts. Within this sample, caregivers reported far greater burden from "mental stress" (e.g., worrying about individual's safety) than from "physical stress" (e.g., lifting individual into bed). Specifically, caregivers were primarily concerned about spousal safety, as this requires continuous vigilance and constant worry. Caregivers also reported experiencing "little deaths" as the disease progresses, related to a loss of independence for the couple, and the steady diminishment of social networks. Increasing attention on the mental burden experienced by spousal caregivers promises to increase quality of care, and quality of life for individuals with PD, by improving quality of life for the caregiver.
2010-01-30T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/hrspub/4
info:doi/10.1002/mds.22939
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22939
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Caregivers
Disability Evaluation
Emotions
Middle Aged
Ontario
Parkinson Disease
Quality of Life
Questionnaires
Safety
Severity of Illness Index
Social Isolation
Psychological Stress
Aged
Female
Humans
Male
Stress, Psychological
Neurology
Rehabilitation and Therapy
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:cnspub-1004
2012-03-07T04:29:43Z
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:otpub
publication:healthstudies
publication:healthstudiespub
publication:ot
Predictive Validity of the UPDRS Postural Stability Score and the Functional Reach Test, When Compared with Ecologically Valid Reaching Tasks
Jenkins, M. E.
Johnson, Andrew M.
Holmes, J. D.
Stephenson, F. F.
Spaulding, S. J.
Balance problems and falls are a common concern among individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Falls frequently occur during daily activities such as reaching into cupboards in the kitchen or bathroom. This study compared the correlation among two standard postural stability tests - the postural stability score on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT) - and ecologically valid reaching tasks that correspond to reaching at different cupboard heights among 20 individuals with PD and 20 age-matched controls. Both the FRT and the UPDRS postural stability tests are quick measures that can be performed during the clinical examination. The FRT, but not the postural stability score, demonstrated a significant correlation with the ecologically valid reaching tasks, among individuals with PD. Furthermore the FRT scores did not correlate with the UPDRS postural stability scores, indicating that these are measuring different aspects of balance. This study suggests that the FRT score may better predict the risk of postural instability encountered during daily activities among individuals with PD.
2010-07-01T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cnspub/5
info:doi/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.04.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.04.002
Clinical Neurological Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Accidental Falls
Middle Aged
Neurologic Examination
Parkinson Disease
Postural Balance
Activities of Daily Living
Aged
Female
Humans
Male
Neurology
Rehabilitation and Therapy
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:cnspub-1005
2012-03-09T04:03:12Z
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:otpub
publication:healthstudies
publication:healthstudiespub
publication:ot
Plantar Cutaneous Sensory Stimulation Improves Single-limb Support Time, and EMG Activation Patterns among Individuals with Parkinson's Disease
Jenkins, M. E.
Almeida, Q. J.
Spaulding, S. J.
van Oostveen, R. B.
Holmes, J. D.
Johnson, Andrew M.
Perry, S. D.
Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurological disorder that results in gait and posture impairment. There is increasing evidence that these motor impairments may be partially due to deficits within the sensory system. In this study, the effects of a facilitatory insole that provides increased plantar sensory stimulation, was evaluated during gait, in a group of individuals with Parkinson's disease in comparison with healthy age-matched controls. Spatial-temporal parameters of gait were evaluated using an instrumented carpet, and muscle activation patterns were evaluated using surface EMG. All participants were tested with both a facilitatory (ribbed) insole and a conventional (flat) insole while walking 20 feet. Results indicated that the use of the facilitatory insole produced a significant increase in single-limb support time. Additionally, the muscle activation sequence of the tibialis anterior was normalized by the facilitatory insole, at the time of initial ground contact. These changes may lead to an overall improvement in gait pattern and stability, and suggest that the use of this type of facilitatory insole may be a useful treatment strategy for improving the gait of individuals with Parkinson's disease. This also provides support for the role of facilitation of the sensory system in improving motor output in individuals with Parkinson's disease.
2009-11-05T08:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cnspub/6
info:doi/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.04.004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.04.004
Clinical Neurological Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Electromyography
Gait
Middle Aged
Skeletal Muscle
Orthotic Devices
Parkinson Disease
Physical Stimulation
Postural Balance
Skin
Tibial Nerve
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Female
Foot
Humans
Male
Muscle, Skeletal
Neurology
Rehabilitation and Therapy
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:cnspub-1002
2023-03-16T13:56:45Z
publication:vascularpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:cnspub
publication:robarts
publication:institutes
High-risk Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Ulceration on 3D Ultrasound vs TCD Microemboli
Madani, A.
Beletsky, V.
Tamayo, A.
Munoz, C.
Spence, J. D.
OBJECTIVE: We compared microemboli on transcranial Doppler (TCD) with carotid ulcerations on 3D ultrasound (US) as an additional method for identifying the small proportion of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ACS) who can benefit from revascularization such as endarterectomy or stenting.
METHODS: Patients with ACS (n = 253) with carotid stenosis >60% by Doppler ultrasound were studied prospectively with TCD embolus detection and 3D US to detect ulcers (the total number of ulcers in both internal carotids) and followed for 3 years.
RESULTS: Mean age was 69.66 (SD 8.51) years; 11 (4%) had ≥3 ulcers (Ulcer 3), 11 (6%) had microemboli, and 25 (10%) had microemboli or ≥3 ulcers. Ulcer 3 patients were more likely to have a stroke or death in 3 years (18% vs 2%; p = 0.03), regardless of the side on which the ulcers were found. The 3-year risk of stroke or death was 20% with microemboli vs 2% without (p = 0.003). The annual rate of ipsilateral stroke was 0.8%.
CONCLUSION: Adding 3D US detection of ulcers doubles (to 10%) the proportion of patients with ACS who may benefit from endarterectomy or stenting. However, until 3-year event rates of stroke or death with endarterectomy or stenting reach
2011-08-23T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cnspub/3
info:doi/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822b0090
http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822b0090
Clinical Neurological Sciences Publications
Scholarship@Western
Asymptomatic carotid stenosis
Ulceration
3D ultrasound
TCD microemboli
Medical Neurobiology
Neuroscience and Neurobiology
oai:ir.lib.uwo.ca:medpub-1037
2023-03-16T13:58:05Z
publication:clinicalpub
publication:pmid
publication:cns
publication:faculties
publication:medpub
publication:cnspub
publication:med
publication:robarts
publication:institutes
Effect of B-Vitamin Therapy on Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
House, Andrew A.
Eliasziw, Misha
Cattran, Daniel C.
Churchill, David N.
Oliver, Matthew J.
Fine, Adrian
Dresser, George K.
Spence, J. David
CONTEXT: Hyperhomocysteinemia is frequently observed in patients with diabetic nephropathy. B-vitamin therapy (folic acid, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12)) has been shown to lower the plasma concentration of homocysteine. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether B-vitamin therapy can slow progression of diabetic nephropathy and prevent vascular complications. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Diabetic Intervention with Vitamins to Improve Nephropathy [DIVINe]) at 5 university medical centers in Canada conducted between May 2001 and July 2007 of 238 participants who had type 1 or 2 diabetes and a clinical diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. INTERVENTION: Single tablet of B vitamins containing folic acid (2.5 mg/d), vitamin B(6) (25 mg/d), and vitamin B(12) (1 mg/d), or matching placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in radionuclide glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between baseline and 36 months. Secondary outcomes were dialysis and a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, and all-cause mortality. Plasma total homocysteine was also measured. RESULTS: The mean (SD) follow-up during the trial was 31.9 (14.4) months. At 36 months, radionuclide GFR decreased by a mean (SE) of 16.5 (1.7) mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the B-vitamin group compared with 10.7 (1.7) mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the placebo group (mean difference, -5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], -10.6 to -1.1; P = .02). There was no difference in requirement of dialysis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.1; 95% CI, 0.4-2.6; P = .88). The composite outcome occurred more often in the B-vitamin group (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0-4.0; P = .04). Plasma total homocysteine decreased by a mean (SE) of 2.2 (0.4) micromol/L at 36 months in the B-vitamin group compared with a mean (SE) increase of 2.6 (0.4) micromol/L in the placebo group (mean difference, -4.8; 95% CI, -6.1 to -3.7; P < .001, in favor of B vitamins). CONCLUSION: Among patients with diabetic nephropathy, high doses of B vitamins compared with placebo resulted in a greater decrease in GFR and an increase in vascular events. TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN41332305.
2010-04-28T07:00:00Z
article
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/medpub/31
info:doi/10.1001/jama.2010.490
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.490
Department of Medicine Publications
Scholarship@Western
Aged
Diabetic Nephropathies
Double-Blind Method
Female
Folic Acid
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Humans
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Kidney
Male
Middle Aged
Vitamin B 12
Vitamin B 6
Vitamin B Complex
Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition
Nephrology